A systematic review of biobanks in Latin America: Strengths and limitations for biomedical research.

Biobanks are valuable tools for developing and applying scientific research and international cooperation through the collection of biological materials and their associated data. Systematic research following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines was conducted in late 2022 in PubMed and Scopus, and generated 17 articles to be reviewed in depth and critically assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklist due to the limited available data; 12 relevant health organizations and government websites outside of peer-reviewed journals were also included. Our research identified 44 biobanks in Latin America. In general, there is a lack of regulation and legislation guaranteeing the stored materials' quality and institutional collaboration. We believe a consensus needs to be reached regarding the terminology and definitions used for biobanks. The design for informed consent should also be agreed upon to ensure the privacy of the data shared among institutions. In conclusion, in Latin America, there is a clear need for government support in creating specific procedures for biobanks and providing further support for existing biobanks.

Increase in C-reactive protein as early predictor of anastomotic leakage in abdominal surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the C-reactive protein (CRP) and white cell count (WC) in the prediction of anastomotic leakage (AL) in major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Multicenter, prospective, and observational study of adult patients who underwent major abdominal surgery. CRP and hemogram were measured after post-operative day (POD) 3 and POD 5. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 63 ± 12 years and 47 (48%) were male. Colorectal (56%) and gastric cancer (36%) were the most frequent diagnoses. About 23% had post-operative complications, of which 5% had AL. The most significant predictive factor was the increase in CRP ≥ 2.84 mg/L among POD 3 and 5 (AUC, 0.99, sensitivity, 95.6%, specificity, 100%, positive likelihood ratio, 23.0). The accuracy of the other biomarkers was lower, CRP on POD 3 (AUC, 0.55), on POD 5 (AUC, 0.93), WC on POD 3 (AUC, 0.33), and POD 5 (AUC, 0.35). CONCLUSION: The increase of CRP among POD 3 and 5 was an early predictor of AL in adult patients with major abdominal surgery.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el papel de la proteína C-reactiva (PCR) y el recuento de glóbulos blancos (RGB) en la predicción de la Fuga Anastomotica (FA) en la cirugía abdominal mayor. MÉTODO: Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y observacional de pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía abdominal mayor. Se midieron la PCR y el hemograma después del día postoperatorio (DPO) 3 y DPO 5. Las complicaciones se categorizaron según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo y la precisión diagnóstica se evaluó mediante el área bajo la curva (AUC). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron un total de 97 pacientes. La edad media era de 63 ± 12 años y 47 (48%) eran hombres. El factor predictivo más significativo fue el aumento de la PCR ≥ 2,84 mg/L entre los DPO 3 y 5 (AUC, 0,99, sensibilidad, 95,6%, especificidad, 100%, ratio de probabilidad positiva, 23,0). La precisión de los demás biomarcadores fue menor, la PCR en el DPO 3 (AUC, 0,55), en el DPO5 (AUC, 0,93), el RGB en el DPO 3 (AUC, 0,33) y en el DPO 5 (AUC, 0,35). CONCLUSIONES: El aumento de la PCR entre los DPO 3 y 5 fue un predictor temprano de FA en pacientes adultos con cirugía abdominal mayor.

Descripción de la variación en el tiempo del cáncer gastrointestinal en el centro occidente de Colombia / Description of the variation in time of gastrointestinal cancer In Central-Western Colombia

Introducción. A nivel mundial los tumores gastrointestinales tienen un impacto importante en la mortalidad y se asocian a diferentes factores, entre ellos regionales y sociodemográficos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la variación en el tiempo del cáncer gastrointestinal en una población del centro occidente de Colombia, dada su alta incidencia y desenlace frecuentemente fatal.Métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional con muestreo no probabilístico en un tiempo de seis años. Se seleccionaron pacientes diagnosticados con algún tipo de neoplasia del tracto digestivo, en un hospital de tercer nivel del centro occidente de Colombia. Resultados. Se evaluaron un total de 1152 pacientes. Los tumores del tracto digestivo superior (esófago, unión esófago-gástrica y estómago) fueron los más frecuentes (44 %), seguidos de los tumores del tracto digestivo medio e inferior (intestino delgado, colon, recto y ano; 31 %) y de los tumores hepato-bilio-pancreáticos (25 %). La edad media de presentación fue 64,6 años, con una mayor frecuencia en el sexo masculino (51,6 %). El adenocarcinoma fue el tipo histológico más común.Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que los tumores gastrointestinales son una neoplasia frecuente en nuestro país, siendo los tumores gástricos los que se presentan con mayor prevalencia, seguidos de los tumores colorrectales y las neoplasias biliopancreáticas, las cuales se mantiene en el tiempo.

Introduction. Worldwide, gastrointestinal tumors have a significant impact on mortality and are associated with different factors, including regional and sociodemographics. The objective of this study was to describe the variation over time of gastrointestinal cancer in a population from Central-Western Colombia, given its high incidence and frequently fatal outcome. Methods. An observational retrospective study with non-probabilistic sampling was carried out over a period of six years. Patients diagnosed with some type of neoplasm of the digestive tract were selected in a tertiary care hospital in the Central-Western Colombia. Results. A total of 1152 patients were evaluated. Tumors of the upper digestive tract (esophagus, esophagogastric junction, and stomach) were the most frequent (44%), followed by tumors of the middle and lower digestive tract (small intestine, colon, rectum and anus; 31%), and hepatobiliary-pancreatic tumors (25%). The mean age of presentation was 64.6 years with a higher frequency in males (51.6%). Adenocarcinoma was the most common histological type.Conclusion. The results of this study show that gastrointestinal tumors are a frequent neoplasm in our country, with gastric tumors being the most prevalent, followed by colorectal tumors and biliopancreatic neoplasms, which are maintained over time.

Salpingectomía oportunista: patrones de práctica en un grupo de ginecólogos colombianos / Opportunistic Salpingectomy: patterns of practice in a group of colombian gynecologists

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El cáncer de ovario es la neoplasia de origen ginecológico más letal y el 90% de los casos son de origen epitelial. Se ha postulado el origen del cáncer epitelial de ovario (CEO) en las fimbrias de las trompas de Falopio, por lo cual, se ha sugerido la realización de la salpingectomía oportunista como método de prevención primaria. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la frecuencia con que los ginecólogos adscritos a la Federación Colombiana de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FECOLSOG) incluyeron salpingectomías oportunistas en su práctica clínica durante los años 2017-2018. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta a los ginecólogos adscritos a la FECOLSOG. Las variables analizadas incluyeron características demográficas, práctica profesional, método de prevención primaria de cáncer de ovario en pacientes de bajo riesgo y la realización o no de la salpingectomía oportunista y sus respectivas razones. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con frecuencias absolutas y relativas, mientras que las cuantitativas con medidas de tendencia central y desviaciones estándar con el software STATA 13. RESULTADOS: De 1765 ginecólogos contactados, 353 contestaron la encuesta (tasa de respuesta del 20%). El 62.5% de estos realizan salpingectomía oportunista en su práctica ginecológica y de estos, el 75.2% lo hizo para prevenir cáncer de ovario. Entre las razones manifestadas por los especialistas para no realizar salpingectomía oportunista, el 12.5% no la consideraba un factor de protección frente al cáncer de ovario y un 14.4% consideraba que incrementaba el riesgo de falla ovárica temprana y morbilidad asociada. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque existen controversias en su realización, la salpingectomía oportunista muestra ser una conducta adoptada por ginecólogos adscritos a FECOLSOG. Se requieren investigaciones futuras para determinar la efectividad de la salpingectomía e implementar estrategias de prevención del cáncer epitelial de ovario.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and 90% of cases are of epithelial origin. Recently, different investigations attribute their origin to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes, reason why it has been suggested to perform elective salpingectomy for the prevention of high-grade adenocarcinoma, its most frequent histological variant. This research aims to determine the frequency with which gynecologists from the Colombian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FECOLSOG) included this procedure in their clinical practice during the years 2017-2018. METHODS: A survey was sent electronically to the gynecologists assigned to FECOLSOG on three different occasions with an interval of 15 days between them. The variables analyzed included demographic characteristics, professional practice, primary prevention method of Ovarian Cancer in low-risk patients and the performance or not of elective salpingectomy with their respective reasons. Qualitative variables were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies, while quantitative variables with measures of central tendency and standard deviations with STATA 13 software. RESULTS: From 1765 gynecologists contacted at least once via email, 353 answered the survey, indicating a response rate of 20%. 62.5% perform elective salpingectomy in their gynecological practice and of these, 75.2% do so to prevent ovarian cancer. Among the reasons for not practicing salpingectomy, 12.5% ​​do not consider it a protective factor for ovarian cancer, and 14.4% believe that it increases the risk of early ovarian failure and morbidity. CONCLUSION: Elective salpingectomy is a promising procedure as a preventive measure against epithelial ovarian cancer. Although there are controversies regarding its performance, salpingectomy seems to be a common practice amongst gynecologists from FECOLSOG, and seems to have higher recurrence within this field. Future research is required to determine the effectiveness of salpingectomy and thus, implement the best strategies for ovarian cancer prevention.

Lesiones premalignas y malignas del estómago en pacientes sin tamización para cáncer gástrico / Premalignant and malignant findings of the stomach in patients without gastric cancer screening

Introducción. Para establecer una frecuencia de seguimiento como método de tamización en cáncer gástrico, se propone la endoscopia en pacientes mayores de 35 años con síntomas de dispepsia, y en pacientes mayores de 40 años con alto riesgo. La demora en la realización de la primera endoscopia en la vida de un paciente incrementa el riesgo de no detectar lesiones premalignas ni cáncer potencialmente prevenible. Los objetivos de nuestro estudio fueron describir el número de pacientes mayores de 40 años con endoscopia de primera vez y evaluar la presencia de lesiones premalignas y malignas del estómago en pacientes sin tamización. Métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de base de datos. Se describieron hallazgos de informes de histopatología en pacientes mayores de 40 años (lesiones premalignas y malignas). Adicionalmente se describieron las variables sociodemográficas de los pacientes con endoscopia de primera vez y la presencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en la población mencionada. Resultados. Setenta y ocho pacientes (23,6 %) tuvieron una endoscopia de primera vez siendo mayores de 40 años. En el 44 % de los pacientes se encontró la presencia de Helicobacter pylori, 25,4 % de los pacientes presentaron atrofia gástrica, 23,1 % metaplasia, ningún paciente presentó displasia y un paciente (1,3 %) presentó un adenocarcinoma gástrico. Discusión. Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran un número elevado de pacientes sin endoscopia de tamización. Nuestro estudio resalta la importancia del uso de la endoscopia de tamización en la prevención, así como en el diagnóstico temprano de cáncer gástrico y sugiere mayor adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica

Introduction. To establish a frequency of follow-up as a screening method for gastric cancer, endoscopy is pro-posed in patients older than 35 years with symptoms of dyspepsia, and in patients older than 40 years at high risk. The delay in performing the first endoscopy in a patient's life increases the risk of not detecting premalignant lesions or potentially preventable cancer. The aims of our study were to describe the number of patients older than 40 years with first-time endoscopy and to assess the presence of premalignant and malignant stomach lesions in patients without screening.Methods. Retrospective database review. Histopathology report findings in patients older than 40 years (prema-lignant and malignant lesions) were described. Additionally, the sociodemographic variables of patients with first-time endoscopy and the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the mentioned population were described.Results. Seventy-eight patients (23.6%) had a first-time endoscopy being older than 40 years. Helicobacter pylori was found in 44% of the patients, 25.4% of the patients had gastric atrophy, 23.1% had metaplasia, no patient had dysplasia and one patient (1.3%) had gastric adenocarcinoma. Discusions. The results of our study show a high number of patients without screening endoscopy. Our study highlights the importance of the use of screening endoscopy in prevention, as well as in the early diagnosis of gastric cancer, and suggests greater adherence to clinical practice guidelines

Prevención de infecciones en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol 2014 / Infectious diseases prevention at the FIFA World Cup 2014

La medicina del viajero es una disciplina que se ha constituido y afianzado en el mundo entero durante los últimos 20 años y América Latina no ha sido la excepción (1-4). En la región se organizó, en 2008, el Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Medicina del Viajero, que marcó la consolidación de la creación de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Medicina del Viajero (SLAMVI), la cual es una organización científica de alcance latinoamericano dedicada a tratar la problemática de la salud en los viajeros, preservando la salud individual, de las comunidades emisoras y receptoras, y promoviendo el cuidado del medio ambiente (5).

Travel medicine is a discipline that has been established and consolidated throughout the world during the last 20 years and Latin America has not been the exception (1-4). In the region, the First Latin American Congress of Traveler's Medicine was organized in 2008, which marked the consolidation of the creation of the Latin American Society of Traveler's Medicine (SLAMVI), which is a Latin American scientific organization dedicated to treating the health problems in travelers, preserving the health of the individual, the sending and receiving communities, and promoting care for the environment (5).

Scientific research in malaria: bibliometric assessment of the Latin-American contributions.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a parasitic disease of high global impact in public health, including Latin America. There should be more researched, particularly in this region. A bibliometric assessment of the Latin American contributions about malaria was done. METHODS: Bibliometric study at SCI (1980-2013), MEDLINE/ GOPUBMED (1802-2013), Scopus (1959-2013), SCIELO (2004-2013), LILACS (1980-2013). The studies were characterized by study type, year of publication, city/country of origin, journals and more productive authors, citations and H index. RESULTS: At SCI, 2,806 articles were retrieved (5.13% of the total). Brazil was the highest producer (31.41%), followed by Colombia (14.3%) and Mexico (9.5%). The region received 39,894 citations, 32.2% from Brazil (H index=51), 12.75% Mexico (H index=38), 11.2% Colombia (H index=33). At Scopus, there are 4,150 articles (4.9% of the total), 33.0% Brazil, 11.3% Colombia and 8.8% Mexico; 17% in Brazil were from Universidad de São Paulo; 23.6% of Colombia from Universidad de Antioquia; 15.4% of Mexico from Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. At Medline there were 4,278 records (36.8% Brazil). At SciELO there are 792 records (45.3% Brazil). At LILACS there were 1744 records (34.3% Brazil). CONCLUSIONS: Brazil has the highest output of the region, as Venezuela the scientific production in Malaria was related with the burden of disease. This was not the case for Colombia. Scientific production at bibliographical databases, particularly regionals, is low, compared to the high incidence of this disease that requires more research and control.

Study of the scientific production on leishmaniasis in Latin America.

UNLABELLED: Leishmaniasis is a highly relevant neglected tropical disease. It has important consequences in affected populations, including a high fatality rate in its visceral form. It is present in Latin America, then it is necessary to promote more research on it. A bibliometric assessment of the Latin American scientific production in leishmaniasis was done. METHODS: Bibliometric study at SCI (1980-2013), MEDLINE/GOPUBMED (1802-2013), Scopus (1959-2013), SCIELO (2004-2013), LILACS (1980-2013). Different study types, characterized by years, city/country of origin, journals and more productive authors, by country, cites and H index. RESULTS: At SCI, 2857 articles were found (17.7% of the total). Brazil was the highest producer (58.1%), followed by Colombia (9.9%) and Venezuela (5.6%); the region received 41186 citations, 54.2% of Brazil (H index=62), 12.1% Colombia (H index=30) and 4.5% of Venezuela (H index=25). At Scopus, there are 3681 (14.7% of the total), 53.2% Brazil, 6.8% Colombia and 6.0% Venezuela; 38.46% at Brazil were from Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; 30.6% of Colombia corresponded to Universidad de Antioquia; 31.34% at Venezuela were from Universidad Central de Venezuela. At Medline there are 4525 records (60.6% of Brazil). At SciELO there are 1068 records (67.5% Brazil). At LILACS, there are 1740 records (56.0% Brazil). CONCLUSIONS: Scientific production of Brazil predominates in the region, with one single institution generating more articles than Colombia and Venezuela together. Scientific production in bibliographical data bases, particularly regional, is still relatively low, and the disease neglected when compared to other tropical conditions such as dengue and malaria.

EST-SSR markers from five sequenced cDNA libraries of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) comparing three bioinformatic algorithms.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are a rich source of SSR sequences, but the proportion of long Class I microsatellites with many repeats vs. short Class II microsatellites with few repeats is an important factor to consider. Class I microsatellites, with more than 20 bp of repeats, tend to make better markers with higher polymorphism. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of Class I and Class II microsatellites in a collection of over 21,000 ESTs from a single study of five different tissues of common bean: two types of leaves, nodules, pods and roots. For this objective, we used three different bioinformatics pipelines: Automated Microsatellite Marker Development (AMMD), Batchprimer3 and SSRLocator. In addition, we determined the frequency of single or multiple SSRs in the assembled ESTs, the frequency of perfect and compound repeats and whether Class I microsatellites were mainly di-nucleotide or tri-nucleotide motifs with each of the search engines. Primers were designed for a total of 175 microsatellites concentrating on class I microsatellites identified with SSR locator. A few other microsatellites were included from the other search engines, AMMD and Batchprimer3 programs so as to have a representative set of class II markers for comparison sake. The comparison of 95 class I vs. 80 class II markers confirmed that the Class I were more polymorphic and therefore more useful.

New gene-derived simple sequence repeat markers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Common bean is an important and diverse crop legume with several wild relatives that are all part of the Phaseoleae tribe of tropical crop legumes. Sequence databases have been a good source of sequences to mine for simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The objective of this research was to evaluate 14 sequence collections from common bean for SSRs and to evaluate the diversity of the polymorphic microsatellites derived from these collections. SSRs were found in 10 of the GenBank sequence collections with an average of 11.3% of sequences containing microsatellite motifs. The most common motifs were based on tri- and dinucleotides. In a marker development programme, primers were designed for 125 microsatellites which were tested on a panel of 18 common bean genotypes. The markers were named as part of the bean microsatellite-database (BMd) series, and the average polymorphism information content was 0.404 for polymorphic markers and predicted well the genepool structure of common beans and the status of the wild and cultivated accessions that were included in the study. Therefore, the BMd series of microsatellites is useful for multiple studies of genetic relatedness and as anchor markers in future mapping of wide crosses in the species.

[Glycemic control in diabetic patients hospitalized in a non-critical care hospital setting]. / Control glicémico de pacientes diabéticos hospitalizados en un Servicio de Medicina Interna.

BACKGROUND: During hospitalization, hyper and hypoglycemia impairs the prognosis of diabetic patients. Strict glycemic control improves survival in intensive care units. There is no evidence to support it for patients in non-critical wards. AIM: To evaluate the glycemic control of diabetic patients in a non-critical medical unit, and estimate its effect on hospitalization and survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of all patients admitted to a non-critical ward with a fasting blood glucose (BG) > 126 mg/dl or > 200 mg /dl at any time, and patients with known diabetes. Age, sex, type of diabetes, time since diagnosis, chronic complications, prior treatment, length of stay, admission and discharge diagnosis were registered. All capillary BG levels obtained from each patient until discharge, death or transfer, were registered. RESULTS: Ninety nine patients aged 63 ± 13.4 years (42 males,) were included. Ninety one percent had a type 2 diabetes with a mean duration of 13.8 years. Mean hospital stay was 10.9 days. At least one hypoglycemia below 70 mg/dl occurred in 21% of patients and 39.4% had at least one episode with blood glucose over 300 mg/dl. Median hospital stay of patients with no episode of BG > 200 mg/dl was 6 days, 10.5 days among patients with at least one episode of BG > 300 mg/dl and 13 days among patients that had at least one episode of hypoglycemia (p = 0.02). Diabetes lasted nine years more among the latter (p < 0.01). Three patients that suffered hypoglycemia and two in the rest of the groups, died (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Two of three diabetic patients admitted to our non-critical medical ward have a non-optimal glycemic control. Appearance of hypoglycemia is associated with a longer hospital stay.

Control glicémico de pacientes diabéticos hospitalizados en un Servicio de Medicina Interna / Glycemic control in diabetic patients hospitalized in a non-critical care hospital setting

Background: During hospitalization, hyper and hypoglycemia impairs the prognosis of diabetic patients. Strict glycemic control improves survival in intensive care units. There is no evidence to support it for patients in non-critical wards. Aim: To evaluate the glycemic control of diabetic patients in a non-critical medical unit, and estimate its effect on hospitalization and survival. Material and Methods: Prospective study of all patients admitted to a non-critical ward with a fasting blood glucose (BG) > 126 mg/dl or > 200 mg /dl at any time, and patients with known diabetes. Age, sex, type of diabetes, time since diagnosis, chronic complications, prior treatment, length of stay, admission and discharge diagnosis were registered. All capillary BG levels obtained from each patient until discharge, death or transfer, were registered. Results: Ninety nine patients aged 63 ± 13.4 years (42 males,) were included. Ninety one percent had a type 2 diabetes with a mean duration of 13.8 years. Mean hospital stay was 10.9 days. At least one hypoglycemia below 70 mg/dl occurred in 21% of patients and 39.4% had at least one episode with blood glucose over 300 mg/dl. Median hospital stay of patients with no episode of BG > 200 mg/dl was 6 days, 10.5 days among patients with at least one episode of BG > 300 mg/dl and 13 days among patients that had at least one episode of hypoglycemia (p = 0.02). Diabetes lasted nine years more among the latter (p < 0.01). Three patients that suffered hypoglycemia and two in the rest of the groups, died (NS). Conclusions: Two of three diabetic patients admitted to our non-critical medical ward have a non-optimal glycemic control. Appearance of hypoglycemia is associated with a longer hospital stay.

Gene-based SSR markers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from root and leaf tissue ESTs: an integration of the BMc series.

BACKGROUND: Sequencing of cDNA libraries for the development of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) as well as for the discovery of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) has been a common method of developing microsatellites or SSR-based markers. In this research, our objective was to further sequence and develop common bean microsatellites from leaf and root cDNA libraries derived from the Andean gene pool accession G19833 and the Mesoamerican gene pool accession DOR364, mapping parents of a commonly used reference map. The root libraries were made from high and low phosphorus treated plants. RESULTS: A total of 3,123 EST sequences from leaf and root cDNA libraries were screened and used for direct simple sequence repeat discovery. From these EST sequences we found 184 microsatellites; the majority containing tri-nucleotide motifs, many of which were GC rich (ACC, AGC and AGG in particular). Di-nucleotide motif microsatellites were about half as common as the tri-nucleotide motif microsatellites but most of these were AGn microsatellites with a moderate number of ATn microsatellites in root ESTs followed by few ACn and no GCn microsatellites. Out of the 184 new SSR loci, 120 new microsatellite markers were developed in the BMc (Bean Microsatellites from cDNAs) series and these were evaluated for their capacity to distinguish bean diversity in a germplasm panel of 18 genotypes. We developed a database with images of the microsatellites and their polymorphism information content (PIC), which averaged 0.310 for polymorphic markers. CONCLUSIONS: The present study produced information about microsatellite frequency in root and leaf tissues of two important genotypes for common bean genomics: namely G19833, the Andean genotype selected for whole genome shotgun sequencing from race Peru, and DOR364 a race Mesoamerica subgroup 2 genotype that is a small-red seeded, released variety in Central America. Both race Peru and Mesoamerica subgroup 2 (small red beans) have been understudied in comparison to race Nueva Granada and Mesoamerica subgroup 1 (black beans) both with regards to gene expression and as sources of markers. However, we found few differences between SSR type and frequency between the G19833 leaf and DOR364 root tissue-derived ESTs. Overall, our work adds to the analysis of microsatellite frequency evaluation for common bean and provides a new set of 120 BMc markers which combined with the 248 previously developed BMc markers brings the total in this series to 368 markers. Once we include BMd markers, which are derived from GenBank sequences, the current total of gene-based markers from our laboratory surpasses 500 markers. These markers are basic for studies of the transcriptome of common bean and can form anchor points for genetic mapping studies in the future.

Development of microsatellite markers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) based on screening of non-enriched, small-insert genomic libraries.

Microsatellite markers are useful genetic tools for a wide array of genomic analyses although their development is time-consuming and requires the identification of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from genomic sequences. Screening of non-enriched, small-insert libraries is an effective method of SSR isolation that can give an unbiased picture of motif frequency. Here we adapt high-throughput protocols for the screening of plasmid-based libraries using robotic colony picking and filter preparation. Seven non-enriched genomic libraries from common bean genomic DNA were made by digestion with four frequently cutting restriction enzymes, double digestion with a frequently cutting restriction enzyme and a less frequently cutting restriction enzyme, or sonication. Library quality was compared and three of the small-insert libraries were selected for further analysis. Each library was plated and picked into 384-well plates that were used to create high-density filter arrays of over 18 000 clones each, which were screened with oligonucleotide probes for various SSR motifs. Positive clones were found to have low redundancy. One hundred SSR markers were developed and 80 were tested for polymorphism in a standard parental survey. These microsatellite markers derived from non-SSR-enriched libraries should be useful additions to previous markers developed from enriched libraries.